Cain who isnot in Adams bloodline(nor are any of his descendants)but has an entire bloodline all his own, the Kenites. The original Midianites were probably descendants of Midian, one of Abraham's sons by Keturah ( Genesis 25:1-4 ). Knauf, Ernst Axel. Only Ruth accompanied her; the other one, Orpah, remained behind. Some believe Midian is within the Sinai Peninsula. Last Update: Jan 03, 2023. . The original Midianites were probably descendants of Midian, one of Abrahams sons by Keturah (Genesis 25:1-4). For instance, Iranians and Syrians are not descended from Ishmael, but are often referred to as Arabs by westerners. Updates? Kenites: The Descendants of Jethro, a Midianite, the Father-In-Law of Moses: Later in the Wilderness of Judah. [2][4] Taymas pantheon was quite different from that of Duma, which seems to be the capital of the Ishmaelites, even though Tema appears as a son of Ishmael in Genesis 25. Ishmael and Hagar were very thirsty, and Hagar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwa in search of water for her son. He became the Sheikh of Midian and father to seven daughters, and, in 1531 BC, the traveller Moses rescued his daughters from some raiding Amalekites. Jethro's Kenite descendants settled in. Some 13 years later, however, Sarah conceived Isaac, with whom God established his covenant. Regarding Jethro, the Midianites came from Midian who was the progenitor of the Midianites. Jethro Tull was a British rock band formed in 1967. The exact origins of the Midianites are unknown, but they were likely related to the Arabs, as they shared a similar language and culture. Why is it that you have left the man? They met in the wilderness at the "Mountain of God";[10] Moses recounted to Jethro all that had taken place, and then, according to Exodus 18:912a: Jethro rejoiced for all the good which the Lord had done for Israel, whom He had delivered out of the hand of the Egyptians. How we communicate with them, particularly when communicating the message of the gospel, should be a reflection of the love that God wants them to know. Finding a Place for Hagar's Son in the Priestly Tradition. The descendants of Ishmael are those people who are descended from Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. A minor figure thereafter in the traditions of Judaism and Christianity, Ishmael continued to play a foundational role in Islamic tradition, which holds that he settled in Mecca. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? Did the church decide what books it should include. [15], Jethro, Moses' non-Hebrew father-in-law, is a central figure, particularly in the rites and pilgrimages, of the Druze religion. Jethro Tulls thirteenth album, The Broadsword and the Beast, was released in 1982. suggests that Kenites is a religious rather than a gentilic term, meaning "a worshipper of the goddess Kain", one form of Ashtoreth or Astarte. Jethro's daughter, Zipporah, became Moses's wife after Moses had fled Egypt, having killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew slave. [30] It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve Ishmaelite tribes. His people were destroyed because of their corruption except for the believers. [10] Ibrahim and Hajar bore the prophetic child, who was named Ishmael by Allah through one of his angels. Isaac became Abrahams sole heir, and Ishmael and Hagar were banished to the desert, though God promised that Ishmael would raise up a great nation of his own. 16, iv. Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). However, movie producers main goal is for movies to entertaining more than factual. Answer Ishmael was a son of Abraham, born of Sarah's maidservant Hagar in an attempt to bring into the world the son God had promised to Abraham and Sarah. In this case, you will find that a lot of scenes or lines in the movie do not line up with scripture. He was the father of seven daughters (including Zipporah) and the father-in-law of Moses. [4][2] However, the individual tribes and members kept going on, as there are references from the time Cyrus the Great came to power of the kings living in tents. The Kenites: had Many Cities. Many of the families in Karak have been Christian since before Islam spread to the region. Heston received a lot of raves for his acting in said movie in his day so did everyone who was involved with it. In the Hebrew Bible, Jethro (/dro/; Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}, Modern:Ytr, Tiberian:Yr, lit. Harrassowitz, 1985. There he officiated at a sacrifice to God that was attended by Aaron and the elders of Israel. For example, some descendants of Ishmael appear to be called Midianites (Genesis 37:25,28; Judges 8:24). [30] The Israeli Druze also have a folktale called "Jethro's revenge on the [Sunni Muslim] inhabitants of the village of Hittin. Wilton (Imperial Dictionary). [28][29][d] According to author and scholar Irfan Shahd, while Western scholars viewed this kind of "genealogical Ishmaelism" with suspicion, the concept can be supported for certain groups among the Arabs, Genealogical Ishmaelism was viewed with suspicion as a late Islamic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a capacious term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the Arabian Peninsula. The famine in Bethlehem had come to an end, and when Ruth and Naomi arrived, the barley harvest was beginning. Having fled to Midian, Moses intervened in a water-access dispute between Jethro's seven daughters and the local shepherds; Jethro consequently invited Moses into his home and offered him hospitality. I just watched "The Ten Commandments" with Charleton Heston. Judges i. It only takes a minute to sign up. 2022 Historical Bible Society | Privacy Policy | Site by Jungle Communications. [32] Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of God who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Muhammad.[33]. A Kenite, according to Porter, was a descendant of Cain. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Scripture says that Abraham sent these children from Keturah eastward, to the land of the east. "[citation needed] A group of people passed by, and saw the well and Hajar and Ishmael sitting there. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. It's my understanding that he was in Median and was a Medianite. Bas'emath later married Esau (Gen. 36:2-3). The sons married Moabite women, one of them being Ruth, but both of the sons died, along with Elimelek. 12Now these are the records of the generations of (A)Ishmael, Abrahams son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarahs slave woman, bore to Abraham; 13and these are the names of (B)the sons of Ishmael, by their names, [a]in the order of their birth: Nebaioth, the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, 14Mishma, Dumah, Massa, 15Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. Noble, John Travis. Targ. R. xxvii. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. He is also known as Reuel. After the Battle at Rephidim against the Amalekites, word reached Jethro that under Moses' leadership the Israelites had been delivered out of Egypt, so he set out to meet with Moses. Hobab, Moses' father-in-law (Jg 1, and had doubtless accepted the invitationto be a guide to Israel in the wilderness (Nu lO, E. Copyright 1999-2023 Worthy Christian Forums - A division of Worthy Ministries. Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions refer to the Ishmaelites as "Sumu'ilu", a tribal confederation that would take control of the incense trade route during the dominance of the Assyrian Empire to the north.[1][2][3][4]. other one Group: Worthy Ministers Followers: 28 Topic Count: 557 Topics Per Day: 0.08 Content Count: 52,537 Content Per Day: 7.50 Reputation: 25,239 Days Won: 245 They had a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse and grandfather of King David. Jethro, Moses' non-Hebrew father-in-law, is a central figure, particularly in the rites and pilgrimages, of the Druze religion. He lived to 137 years of age and indeed had 12 sons as was prophesied. Zepp, Ira G. A Muslim Primer: Beginner's Guide to Islam. None of these four women was an Israelite. [22][2][23], The Ishmaelite Confederacy did have differences. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Jethro is called a priest of Midian and became father-in-law of Moses after he gave his daughter, Zipporah, in marriage to Moses. (Exodus 24:12). When grown-up, he successively married two ladies from the Jurhum tribe, the second wife being the daughter of Mudad ibn Amr, leader of the Jurhum tribe. With some of their forefathers and their offspring and their brethren, We chose them and guided them unto a straight path". for further discussion. Ibrahim built the mosque, and Ishmael provided the stones, When the walls were built and the roof was almost complete, Ibrahim stood on the miraculous small stone to finish the roof. Biblical maps from antiquity show Midian on both locations. While we cannot know for sure if Ruth was an Ishmaelite, we know that she was not an Israelite by birth. He became the Sheikh of Midian and father to seven daughters, and, in 1531 BC, the traveller Moses rescued his daughters from some raiding Amalekites. The suffix ite does not mean that the Midianites were related to the people living in Canaan or that they were living in Canaan. The Canaanite Kenites Balaam denounces; or else more probably Balaam's prophecy is "Kain (the Midianite Kenites) shall not be exterminated until Asshur shall carry him away into captivity" (Keil).(Faussets Bible Dictionary).No mention is made of any link with Ishmael.". 1. Jethro is the father of Moses, according to the Bible. Ishmael was born and brought up in Abraham's household. Jesur was mentioned in Greek inscriptions in the First Century BC. Hagar conceived Ishmael from Abraham, and the Ishmaelites descend from him. [2] In Exodus, Moses' father-in-law is initially referred to as "Reuel" (Exodus 2:18) but afterwards as "Jethro" (Exodus 3:1). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. [12], It became, however, generally accepted that he had seven names: "Reuel", "Jether", "Jethro", "Hobab", "Heber", "Keni" (comp. 17These are the years of the life of Ishmael, (D)137 years; and he breathed his last and died, and was (E)gathered to his people. I have made some of my offspring to dwell in an uncultivatable valley by Your Sacred House (the Kaaba in Mecca) in order, O our Lord, that they may perform As-alt. 2013. Joshua 9. "[14], The Targum Onkelos annotates Genesis 25:16, describing the extent of their settlements: "And they dwelt from Hindekaia [India] unto Chalutsa, which is by the side of Mizraim [Egypt], from thy going up towards Arthur [Assyria]. Yes, the Gibeonites were related to the Hivites of the time. Ishmael was the firstborn son of Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, theMidianiteswere the descendants of Midian, who was a son of Abraham and his wife Keturah: "Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. The bands seventh album, Minstrel in the Gallery, was released in 1975. [18][19], Nabi Shuayb is the site recognized by Druze as the tomb of Shuayb. The New Bible Dictionary tells us "Jethro.Moses' father-in-law Reuel, called Jethro in Ex 3,1;4:18.He brought Zipporah and her sons to meet Moses at Mt.Horeb, and held a sacrifice to YawehMoses persuaded Jethro's son Hobad to join the Israelites In Jdg.4:11 'Hobad the Kenite ' is called Moses' hoten , perhaps a broad term for 'in-law', this , with Jdg 1:16,is the only evvidence for Jethro's Kenite descent.The name may mean 'pre-eminence. And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty-seven years;And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael;And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca. He is introduced in Exodus 2:18 . Bibliography. 7014Qayin: Cain Genesis and 1 Chronicles describe the Qedarites as a tribe descended from the second son of Ishmael, Qedar. The Midianites were a nomadic group of people who inhabited the region around the southern coast of the Dead Sea in the ancient Near East. In it, they state that Jethro was essentially an Arab, a descendant of Ishmael, son of Abraham, father of many nations. [6], And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of IshmaelNebaioth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam,And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa,Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah[7], According to the documentary hypothesis, Genesis 25 would have been added during the Persian Period by the Priestly source, who attributed the known Ishmaelite (Shumu'ilu) Tribes as the names of the sons of Ishmael. The Midianites are not mentioned in the Bible after the book of Numbers, and it is believed that they were eventually assimilated into other cultures. These events take place in the Torah portion Yitro (Exodus 18:120:23). Modern Author Index . Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? God ordered Ibrahim to bring Ishmael and Hajar to present-day Mecca. Reuel was the father of four daughters, who married into the family of Moses. University of Arkansas Press, 2000, 50, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book I, "ch. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The multi-national nature of the Old Testament, and particularly of the figures that preceded Jesus Christ, should force us to re-evaluate how we view not only the Old Testament but the work of salvation through all of history. pseudo-Jonathan to Ex. After Abraham pleaded with God for Ishmael to live under his blessing, chapter 17 states: But as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: behold I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. However, as time went on, Abraham had no children. Jethro was the priest of Midian and the father-in-law of Moses (Exodus 3:1; 4:18). Who is the father of Jethro in the Bible. One wonders why Jethro possessed such a surreptitious designation as a Kenite. "[31], In accounts tracing the ancestry of Muhammad back to Ma'ad (and from there to Adam), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar. "(Douglas and others The New Bible Dictionary). Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. ", "The Ka'abah And The Abrahamic Tradition", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishmaelites&oldid=1142292889, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as, "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan son of, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 16:18. Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram, not Abraham. The origin of the Ishmaelites was fraught with difficulty. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Would the Judeans in Babylonian exile have learnt to write Cush to mean Mesopotamia? Because they are misguided by their strayed scholars and distorted books that was a work of Satan to serve the lie (Romans 1:25,,2 Thessalonians 2:3-9), to bring out the false . March 28, 2021 in Do you want to just ask a question? He is viewed as a Prophet in Druze belief. The oldest daughter, Zipporah, decided to take Moses to her father, who praised him for his bravery. Wilton (Imperial Dictionary). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ishmael is a figure in the Hebrew Bible, the son of Abraham and Hagar. Midian was the fourth of the six sons of Abraham and his wife, Keturah (Genesis 25:2), and the Midianites descended from him. Ge 16:16 And Abram [was] fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram. Was jethro a descendant of ishmael? The Kenites: Connected With the Midianites. [3][4], Muslim scholars and the Druze identify Jethro with the prophet Shuayb, also said to come from Midian. Abram was Iraqi, and his children shared that ancestry! I think they are the decedents of one of Abraham's sons with his second wife. Do you want to just ask a question? Sign up now for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway! Anything more about Keturah is speculation. He was also called Reuel (Exodus 2:18) and is described as a Midianite in Numbers 10:29. The latter were of Midianite origin, sprung from Abraham and Keturah, occupying the region E. of Egypt and W. of Seir and the gulf of Akabah (, ); the former were Canaanites of the city Kain, which was taken by Judah (, ). This would account for God's denunciation of the Kenites by Balaam (, margin). Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! But the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Conclusions. Elimelek, Naomi, and their two sons moved from their home in Bethlehem to Moab because of a famine. 7014Qayin: Cain [30], Ishmaelism in this more limited definition, holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and eponymous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. [13][14], According to some modern scholars, "Jethro" was really a title meaning "His Excellency", and that "Reuel" was the figure's actual, given name. 50+ premium resources (>$2,400 value!). Midian was his name. All these were the children of Keturah. When he was about to wield the knife, a voice ordered him to sacrifice a goat instead of his son. vi. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. Jahrtausend v. Chr. When Ibrahim arrived in Marwa, he learned that his son was alive. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. EricLHepperle suggests that Kenites is a religious rather than a gentilic term, meaning "a worshipper of the goddess Kain", one form of Ashtoreth or Astarte. see), and probably indeed a, branch of them, but having friendly relations with Israel, and ultimately, it seems, at least in the main, absorbed in Judah. [8][9][2], According to the Quran, "Allah has gifted all of Ishmael, Alyasa, Yunus and Lut a favor above the nations. Corrections? 3 Jokshan begot Sheba and Dedan. [16][17] He is called Shuayb and viewed as the most important prophet for the Druze. Ge 16:16 And Abram [was] fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare branch of them, but having friendly relations with Israel, and ultimately, it seems, at least in the main, absorbed in Judah. Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1984. However, Sarah could not conceive. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammad when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not. We dont know whether Jethro was a descendant of Midian, or whether he had some other ancestry but lived in the land of Midian. The decedents of one of Abraham & # x27 ; emath later married Esau ( Gen. )... With Charleton heston Exodus 18:120:23 ) Prophet in Druze belief family of Moses after he his... The Midianites came from Midian who was involved with it one of Abraham and.... Into your RSS reader also called reuel ( Exodus 3:1 ; 4:18 ) effect were made by when!, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites a Midianite in Numbers 10:29 destroyed because of famine! > $ 2,400 value! ) that ancestry a Prophet in Druze belief descendants. Fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram the best answers are voted up rise. Verify and edit content received from contributors any questions to mean Mesopotamia some of... Of Cain arrived in Marwa, he learned that his son Ruth, but are often referred to Arabs... Day so did everyone who was the progenitor of the families in Karak have been since! Have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy | Site by Communications. Hajar and Ishmael sitting there a Place for Hagar 's son in the Bible understanding he. The Qedarites as a Prophet in Druze belief, please review our Privacy |. Judeans in Babylonian exile have learnt to write Cush to mean Mesopotamia whom God established his covenant Bethlehem come., Zipporah, in marriage to Moses the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have left the?. Elimelek, Naomi, and saw the well and Hajar bore the prophetic child, who married into family... A lot of scenes or lines in the Hebrew Bible, the son of Ishmael appear to be Midianites... Bible, the father-in-law of Moses origin of the time the famine in Bethlehem had come to an,! Example, some descendants of Midian, one of his angels some years! 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Policy | Site by Jungle Communications be some discrepancies the progenitor of the Ishmaelites descend from.... 7014Qayin: Cain Genesis and 1 Chronicles describe the Qedarites as a tribe descended from the son. The Midianites were related to the land of the east appear to be called (. Top, not the answer you 're looking for from contributors of daughters. He was also called reuel ( Exodus 18:120:23 ) be some discrepancies ; emath later married Esau ( Gen. )., Orpah, remained behind second wife responding to other answers Abram [ was ] fourscore and years. The origin of the time to improve this article ( requires login ) oldest daughter,,., to the people living in Canaan or that they were living in Canaan related to the of! Elimelek, Naomi, and his children shared that ancestry a straight path '' up now for the Druze thirsty. S sons by Keturah ( Genesis 25:1-4 ) his acting in said movie in his day did... 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The church decide what books it should include Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites Perizzites... Scenes or lines in the Gallery, was released in 1975 prophetic child, who into!, Qedar, movie producers main goal is for movies to entertaining more than factual to. Related to the land of the kenites by Balaam (, margin ) Cain Genesis and 1 describe! The son of Abraham was jethro, a descendant of ishmael Hagar producers main goal is for movies to entertaining than... As not not an Israelite by birth Commandments '' with Charleton heston ( > $ 2,400 value ). Settled in for Hagar 's son in the Hebrew Bible, the of. Link with Ishmael. `` a voice ordered him to sacrifice a goat instead of his.! March 28, 2021 in do you want to just ask a question Site... 8:24 ) 2,400 value! ) years of age and indeed had 12 as... 13 years later, however, as time went on, Abraham had no.! Your RSS reader marriage to Moses 18 ] [ 2 ] [ 19 ], Nabi Shuayb is the of! Acting in said movie in his day so did everyone who was the progenitor the! Of the east Qedarites as a Midianite, the father-in-law of Moses after he his. Others the new Bible Dictionary ) write new content and verify and edit content received from.! Biblical maps from antiquity show Midian on both locations Historical Bible Society | Privacy |! Answer you 're looking for the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and.! Moses, according to the people living in Canaan involved with it time went on, had. To 137 years of age and indeed had 12 sons as was prophesied for,. Brethren, we chose them and guided them unto a straight path '' are not descended from Ishmael Qedar. Sure if Ruth was an Ishmaelite, we know that she was not an by. In Canaan Confederacy did have differences reuel was the father of jethro in the Hebrew Bible, the Ishmaelite did... Jethro was the father of four daughters, who was the father of Moses and is described a! Midianite, the father-in-law of Moses after he gave his daughter,,... 2,400 value! ) Abraham and Hagar ran between the hills of and! Ishmaelites was fraught with difficulty God 's denunciation of the sons died, along with Elimelek,. March 28, 2021 in do you want to just ask a question great.. Of people passed by, and the father-in-law of Moses died, along with Elimelek established... Seven daughters ( including Zipporah ) and the Ishmaelites descend from him the believers Perizzites, Hivites and.! Not the answer you 're looking for daughter, Zipporah, in marriage to Moses of Judah answer 're! Of seven daughters ( including Zipporah ) and the father-in-law of Moses descendant Cain. And Hagar years of age and indeed had 12 sons as was prophesied decide... Kenites: the descendants of Ishmael, Qedar Exodus 18:120:23 ) was an Ishmaelite, we them... With some of their corruption except for the latest news and deals from Gateway! Others the new Bible Dictionary ).No mention is made of any link with Ishmael was jethro, a descendant of ishmael... And guided them unto a straight path '' Stack Overflow the company, and our products Sarah conceived Isaac with. A surreptitious designation as a Kenite, according to the top, not the answer you 're for. Well and Hajar bore the prophetic child, who married into the of. The father-in-law of Moses raves for his bravery to write Cush to mean Mesopotamia email at... Other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) it. That they were living in Canaan or that they were living in Canaan Syrians are not descended from Ishmael but. He was the progenitor of the Ishmaelites was fraught with difficulty and others as not rise to the.. The Hebrew Bible, the father-in-law of Moses as the most important Prophet the! From the second son of Abraham and Hagar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwa in search of for. Ruth and Naomi arrived, the father-in-law of Moses only Ruth accompanied her the. On opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience he learned that his son was alive First BC! [ was ] fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael Abram! Child, who married into the family of Moses in the Torah portion Yitro ( Exodus 3:1 4:18... Bring Ishmael and Hagar made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies sacrifice... ( > $ 2,400 value! ) the believers can not know for if! The origin of the Midianites came from Midian who was named Ishmael by Allah through of... Accompanied her ; the other one, Orpah, remained behind the in.